how to draw a realistic cow
Beginners Guide: Realistic Pencil Drawing
Updated: thirteen Feb 2022
Pencil drawing is monochromatic. It has a single hue (greyness), merely with different brightness values (from very calorie-free gray, to very dark grayness).
To get realistic results when cartoon with pencils, outset by drawing the form accurately. Then, effulgence values are the key. Meaning, how nighttime or light each area is. In addition, pay attention to edges and transitions.
While there are many factors when it comes to drawing realism, here I focus on the most of import ones.
The 4 key factors for realistic pencil drawing are:
- Precision Cartoon
- Brightness Values
- Edges
- Transitions
Note:
At the end of this tutorial, you lot will find some practical drawing tips.
Precision Drawing
Each object or figure has distinct characteristics and a unique form. Therefore, in order to produce a realistic outcome, the craft of drawing must be precise.
To draw in an authentic manner, you need to understand what you are looking at, and to draw what yous see, and Not what you know.
Foreshortening:
When drawing in perspective (a set up of guidelines for drawing in a realistic manner), objects are subject to foreshortening.
In the following example, you know that the top part of a candle is round (circle), but when you lot describe what you lot see (when drawing a side view), the top role of the candle is actually elliptical:
Reverse phenomenon occurs when looking from above. The candle'south long cylindrical trunk becomes shorter due to foreshortening:
Explanation:
In perspective, objects that are in front of the observer look smaller equally they are farther away.
Because they are in front end of the observer, they keep the ratio between width and acme, meaning in that location is no baloney, the object looks the same only smaller.
On the other hand, objects or surfaces along the line of sight are distorted (meaning, foreshortened).
The reason is the observer angle of sight. The more than a surface is in the direction of your sight, the shorter it is.
In the next example, see how the surfboard is foreshortened when facing you.
To go a deeper understanding on foreshortening, read my guide on how to draw objects from imagination.
How to draw accurately:
Drawing is washed in a ii-dimensional way, on a flat paper. Disregard the third dimension, which is depth, and look at objects in a 2D fashion: width, height and angles.
Apply your pencil to meet the angle of any line yous choose to describe.
Recollect:
Your drawing paper is flat, so when measuring angles, turn the pencil left or right only! Never forward or backward.
Practise the same for circuitous drawings, like portraits.
In the next case, I paid attention to the angle of the eyes.
If you struggle cartoon accurately, read my guide on how to describe accurately from observation.
Tip:
When two people look at an object from a dissimilar angle, they draw it differently.
The same happens with your eyes. Each center looks at an object from a different angle.
To draw accurately, shut one center when you are using a pencil to measure dimensions and angles.
Look at some coloring pages on your screen, and effort to reproduce them.
Drawing the form (construction) accurately is the most important part of realistic cartoon.
Remember:
Learning to draw accurately from ascertainment is crucial for drawing realism.
After y'all master drawing annihilation in proportion, you can deal with the other factors of drawing realism.
Agreement brightness values is essential, and I will comprehend it adjacent.
Realistic pencil cartoon of a mink
Effulgence Values
What are effulgence values?
Brightness values or values are how light or dark any area of the cartoon is.
Effulgence values play a crucial office in creating the illusion of depth and 3-dimensional forms on a 2-dimensional surface.
What is pencil cartoon?
Pencil drawing, at its most basic form, is putting graphite particles on newspaper.
To practise that, we utilise pencils.
Pencils come in different hardness levels. Difficult pencils simply put a little amount of graphite particles on a newspaper, resulting in a lighter/brighter value (H levels for hardness).
On the other paw, soft pencils put a big amount of graphite on a paper, which results in a darker value (B levels for blackness).
How to employ a pencil?
For whatsoever type of pencil, the corporeality of pressure applied while drawing determines the brightness value. More pressure creates a darker value, and less pressure creates a lighter value.
I recommend using a number of drawing pencils with dissimilar darkness levels for different brightness values.
Abrupt pencils are suitable for small details. For polish transitions, sometimes it is useful to use non-abrupt pencils.
For a list of materials that I use for drawing, visit my essential pencil-drawing supply review.
How to practice?
Know your tools! Do on creating gradual transitions in brightness values for each pencil grade you lot apply.
That will help you make up one's mind how much pressure to apply for each different brightness value, and how night or light you can go with each pencil grade:
You can alter brightness values by using a kneaded eraser.
By gently tapping on a drawing surface, the kneaded eraser volition collect graphite particles, and therefore result in a lighter value.
How to make up one's mind brightness values?
Observation is the central to identifying the brightness values of any object or prototype.
Examine each part of the drawing, to meet if it is darker or lighter than the object you are trying to describe, and and so correct it accordingly.
In addition, it is important to pay attention to the range and variety between the darkest areas and the brightest:
- If the range or difference between dark and low-cal areas is modest, the drawing may appear flat.
- When the range betwixt night and vivid areas is big, the drawing is noticeable, and has book and depth.
In other words, there should be enough contrast betwixt dark and bright parts of the drawing in order for information technology to look rich and intense.
Tip:
Sometimes when looking at a complex object, especially with colors (or texture), it is hard to come across how nighttime or light each area is.
To solve this problem, squint while observing, in order to lose focus.
When both eyes are partly closed, yous tin focus on brightness values, and disregard other distractions.
Exercise:
Try cartoon your mitt. Start past mark the drawing newspaper, so you tin e'er put your hand back at the same identify.
Unless you are using a tabular array lamp, difference in brightness values are subtle, and therefore it is a swell exercise to master values.
Arguably, the hardest form of drawing is portraiture.
It is critical to be authentic both in drawing the form AND in effulgence values.
Portrait pencil drawing, Alin
Edges
Equally opposed to comics cartoon that is characterized past contour lines, which surroundings the figure, in realistic drawing with a pencil (or in any other way), there are no lines at all.
The edge of an object is where its shape or surface ends. It can cease in a abrupt mode, or in a soft way, only information technology is non a line!
Some objects (similar fur, hair, or material) take soft edges, while other objects (like rocks, cars, or furniture) have hard edges.
Edges vs outlines
To depict a soft border is to create a gradual transition (gradient) in brightness values, from dark to lite.
Depending on climate atmospheric condition and distance, far away objects might have soft edges.
Recall:
Use lines but as guidelines to draw an accurate class. Draw them lightly, so they are piece of cake to erase if needed.
How to describe soft edges:
There are many means to draw soft edges (gradient from dark to light), depending on the effect you lot would similar to achieve.
Hereby, three recommended ways:
Methods to draw soft edges
If you are not effectually your cartoon equipment, you lot can always use a dry newspaper (like newspaper towel) or cloth to polish edges.
Soft edges with toilet paper
Note:
Try to avoid smudging a pencil drawing using your finger. It tin can transfer body oils or sweat to the paper sail.
Using soft edges for far away objects creates a sense of depth.
Pencil drawing example:
Soft edges for far object to add together depth
Shadows and reflections:
In many cases, shadows and reflections have soft (or less defined) edges.
Less defined edges for reflections
Transitions
When drawing with a pencil, it is important to pay attending to brightness values (how night or light each surface area is) and edges (how each area or surface ends, either with a soft border or a hard edge).
In add-on, pay attention to transitions.
On a certain surface, areas that are closer to a light source are lighter, and areas farther away from the light source are darker, meaning the surface has a gradual transition in values.
Therefore, await for the effulgence values of a particular surface compared to other surfaces, but also the transitions of values within the surface itself.
Pencil cartoon example:
Portrait pencil drawing, Sharon
In the next example, I used transitions in brightness values to draw the folds in the neck expanse.
Rhinoceros pencil drawing
Remember:
Every role of each drawing has transitions. An area with no transitions looks flat and unnatural.
Drawing Tips
Where to get-go cartoon?
If y'all are right-handed, start drawing from the upper left part of a paper sheet, and gradually movement to the lower correct.
For left-handed artists, start at the upper right part of the paper.
In this way, the palm can residual on the blank surface of the drawing-paper, and not smear what has already been drawn.
Drawing from left to right
Where to put the light source?
If you are right-handed, place the lighting (table lamp) on the left side, so that the palm will non block the source of light, and you tin encounter piffling details while drawing.
If you are left-handed, identify the lighting on the right side.
Wildebeest pencil drawing
How to hold a pencil?
By using the thumb, yous can motility the pencil torso upwardly, and apply it as a measuring device (to see angles).
When releasing the thumb, the pencil is back in identify for drawing:
How to avert smearing?
In order to avoid smearing the drawing or transfer torso oils or sweat to a cartoon paper, you can identify a blank sheet of paper under the drawing hand, then that the palm is not placed on the drawing-newspaper.
Some other option is to apply a transparent paper canvas under the cartoon manus, that way you can avoid smearing, and still see your cartoon.
How to use your drawing equipment?
Try non to press hard when drawing, so yous practise not damage the newspaper sheet y'all are cartoon on.
Describe as if you lot are using a paintbrush, softly and gently. You will get smoothen results, and you do not demand to apply smoothing tools.
Use thick newspaper for your artworks, it is more durable. Thin newspaper sheets are great for practice.
I prefer paper with at to the lowest degree 150 k/thou thickness, ideally 180 g/m or more than:
Do not lean hard on paper (with whatsoever manus) when drawing, to avoid dents.
How to employ a filigree?
The center of a reference prototype is the signal where the ii diagonals meet.
Subsequently finding the midpoint, draw a horizontal line and a vertical line in order to divide the prototype into four rectangles.
If an image is large and complex, you can split each rectangle repeatedly to have more grid lines.
The next pace is creating a grid on your drawing newspaper, which is the same procedure of finding the midpoint and creating vertical and horizontal lines.
Remember that the ratio between the width and height of your drawing paper should be exactly similar the reference image. You can e'er crop the reference paradigm to fit the ratio of the drawing newspaper.
At present it is possible to draw inside each rectangle separately. Consequently, the drawing process becomes easier and more precise.
When drawing grid lines, practise it gently, so you can erase them later!
While I rarely apply filigree lines when drawing, for commission drawings, particularly with limited time, I use grid lines for efficiency and speed.
Commission drawing process:
I start past cartoon the course accurately.
Then I pay attention to the other three factors (effulgence values, edges & transitions).
I am correct-handed, then I draw from left to correct and from top to bottom:
For more tips, check out my fine fine art painters gallery for exclusive painting tips by professional painters.
Which paper size to use?
Realistic drawing is time-consuming.
A drawing of an animate being or a portrait, on an A4 paper canvas, tin last 15-xl hours.
Therefore, I do not recommend drawing on a large newspaper canvas.
Depending on the project, I use these newspaper sizes: A5 (pocket-sized), A4 (medium) and A3 (large).
How to depict straight borders?
When using simply role of a newspaper for drawing, it is useful to border it with masking tape.
When the drawing is set up, remove the masking record, and you will have a straight border.
Pen Drawing
While there are no lines in nature or in realistic pencil drawing, pen drawing is characterized by cartoon lines.
Cartoon using lines
I use a technical pen (fineliner) for drawing.
For recommended pen brands to use, visit my review on drawing pens for artists.
A pen has a fixed brightness value!
The way to create the illusion of unlike brightness values when drawing with a pen, is to create more lines in the same expanse for a darker value, and fewer lines for a lighter value.
Brightness values using lines
If you similar drawing with pens, you might like my guide for flower drawing.
And, my guide for drawing trees.
Summary
Since all materials are fabricated of molecules, they can never be one hundred percent smooth.
Lite travels as a wave; therefore, shadows are not completely sharp.
For these reasons, there are no lines in nature!
When cartoon with pencils, it is all about transitions in brightness values and different types of edges.
That said, in fine art, it is possible to create realistic looking drawings, using only lines, by creating the illusion of transitions, effulgence values and edges.
For an in-depth article about drawing and painting realism, visit The 8 Key Factors for Painting Realism.
To understand and add together depth when drawing, visit my guide for creating the illusion of depth in fine art, it includes 15 ways to describe depth, with many examples!
While it is convenient to describe from images, I recommend practicing cartoon from straight observation. Read my yet life composition-drawing tutorial to see how to programme your composition.
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